The 1-minute version: A Trump Account is a new type of IRA for kids under 18, created by the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA) and officially open for contributions since July 4, 2026. Eligible newborns get $1,000 from the government. Families, employers, and outside donors can add up to $5,000 a year. The money grows tax-deferred, gets invested in a low-cost U.S. stock index fund, and becomes a regular traditional IRA the year the child turns 18. It is not a substitute for a 529 plan, and the tax treatment on the way out is less favorable than most people assume.
Figures in this guide reflect the rules as they stand in 2026, the program’s first year. The $5,000 contribution cap is indexed for inflation starting in 2027, so double-check current-year numbers before you act on them.
1. What Is a Trump Account, Exactly?
A Trump Account is a custodial version of a traditional IRA, created under a new section of the tax code, IRC Section 530A. It is also referred to as a “530A account” in IRS and Treasury guidance.
| Attribute | Detail |
|---|---|
| Legal basis | IRC Section 530A, created by the One Big Beautiful Bill Act (OBBBA), signed July 4, 2025 |
| Account type | Custodial traditional IRA for a minor |
| Who owns it | The child (parent or guardian acts as custodian until age 18) |
| Who can open one | Any U.S. child under 18 with a valid Social Security number |
| Accounts per child | 1 (only one funded account allowed at a time) |
| Launch date | July 4, 2026 |
| Initial administrator | U.S. Department of the Treasury, with BNY and Robinhood as the initial account platform |
Think of it as a cross between a traditional IRA and a 529 plan: tax-deferred growth like an IRA, but funded for a minor’s benefit like a 529, with a much narrower menu of allowed investments than either.
2. Where Trump Accounts Came From
President Trump signs the One Big Beautiful Bill Act, creating Trump Accounts under IRC Section 530A.
Treasury and the IRS issue the first round of formal guidance (IRS Notice 2025-68), establishing account mechanics and tax treatment.
The official “Trump Accounts” app launches (built by BNY and Robinhood), letting families file the election form and activate accounts ahead of launch.
Accounts officially open for contributions. Eligible children begin receiving the $1,000 pilot program deposit. Roughly 6 million children were already signed up by launch day.
The $5,000 annual contribution cap and the $2,500 employer sub-cap begin adjusting for inflation.
3. Who Is Eligible
| Requirement | Detail |
|---|---|
| Age | Under 18 as of the year the account is established |
| Social Security number | Required |
| Citizenship for the account itself | Not required to open an account |
| Citizenship for the $1,000 seed deposit | Required – must be a U.S. citizen |
| Birth window for the $1,000 seed deposit | Born January 1, 2025 through December 31, 2028 |
| Who can open it on the child’s behalf | In order of priority: legal guardian, parent, adult sibling, then grandparent |
Older children matter too. A 15-year-old with a Social Security number can have a Trump Account opened today – they simply will not qualify for the $1,000 government deposit since it is restricted to the 2025-2028 birth cohort.
4. The Free Money on the Table
$1,000 federal pilot program deposit
For U.S. citizen children born January 1, 2025 through December 31, 2028. One-time, automatic once the account is elected and activated. Does not count against the $5,000 annual contribution cap.
$250 charitable starter deposit
Funded by a $6.25 billion pledge from the Michael & Susan Dell Foundation. Available to children age 10 or younger who were born before January 1, 2025 (and therefore do not qualify for the $1,000 deposit), living in ZIP codes with median household income of $150,000 or less. Up to 25 million children could qualify.
Neither of these deposits is taxed to the family or child when received. Both are taxed later, as ordinary income, when the money eventually comes out of the account. More on that in Section 8.
5. Contribution Rules: Who Can Put In How Much
| Contributor | Annual limit | Counts toward the $5,000 cap? | Tax treatment to the family/employee |
|---|---|---|---|
| Parents, guardians, family, friends | Combined $5,000/year (shared with employer contributions) | Yes | After-tax, not deductible; treated as a gift to the child for gift tax purposes |
| Child (beneficiary) | Included in the same $5,000 combined cap | Yes | After-tax |
| Employer | Up to $2,500/year, per employee (not per child) | Yes | Excluded from the employee’s taxable income |
| Federal government (pilot program) | $1,000 one-time | No | Not taxable when received |
| State/local government, nonprofits, charities | No statutory cap | No | Not taxable when received |
Two details trip people up:
- No earned income requirement. Unlike a Roth IRA, the child does not need a job or any income at all for someone to contribute.
- No income phase-out. Unlike a Roth IRA, there is no income limit that blocks high earners from contributing.
Gift tax note: Individual contributions count as gifts to the child. Rev. Proc. 2026-25 created a safe harbor: contributions qualify for the annual gift tax exclusion ($19,000 per recipient in 2026), as long as the giver’s total gifts to that child – Trump Account contributions included – stay under the exclusion amount. Go over it, and a gift tax return is required, even though no actual gift tax is likely owed until the lifetime exemption is exhausted.
6. How the Money Has to Be Invested
Unlike a 529 or a custodial brokerage account, there is no menu here. During the growth period, funds must sit in a single type of investment:
| Rule | Detail |
|---|---|
| Allowed investments | A diversified mutual fund or ETF tracking a broad U.S. stock index (e.g., the S&P 500) |
| Expense ratio cap | 0.10% (10 basis points) |
| Leverage | Not permitted |
| Cash/money market holdings | Not permitted as a parking spot during the growth period |
| Ability to change investments | None – there is one lane, and everyone is in it |
There is no age-based glide path like a 529 plan offers (where investments shift toward bonds as college approaches). A Trump Account stays 100% in U.S. equities the entire time it is a minor’s account, regardless of how close the child is to 18.
7. The Growth Period, and What Happens at 18
The “growth period” runs from the day the account is established through December 31 of the year before the child turns 18. No distributions are allowed during this window, with three narrow exceptions: a qualified rollover, a return of excess contributions, or the death of the beneficiary.
On January 1 of the year the child turns 18, the account automatically converts into a plain traditional IRA. From that point forward, standard IRA rules apply going forward: normal contribution limits, the 10% early-withdrawal penalty before age 59 1/2 (with the usual exceptions), and eventual required minimum distributions in retirement.
8. How Taxes Actually Work
This is the part most families get wrong, and it is worth walking through carefully, because the account name invites an assumption (“it’s my kid’s money, so it must come out clean”) that is not accurate.
| Money in the account | Taxed going in? | Taxed coming out? |
|---|---|---|
| After-tax family/individual contributions (basis) | No (already after-tax) | No – comes out tax-free |
| $1,000 government seed deposit | No | Yes – ordinary income |
| $250 charitable starter deposit | No | Yes – ordinary income |
| Employer contributions | No (excluded from wages) | Yes – ordinary income |
| All investment growth, on every dollar above | No | Yes – ordinary income |
The critical point: growth is not taxed at long-term capital gains rates the way it would be in a regular brokerage account, even though the underlying investment is a stock index fund. IRS Notice 2025-68 is explicit that distributions in excess of basis are ordinary income. (An IRS social media post in May 2026 briefly described qualified withdrawals as capital-gains-rate income; that framing conflicts with the governing Notice and should be treated as unsettled until the IRS finalizes regulations.)
A 10% additional tax applies to the taxable portion of any withdrawal before age 59 1/2, unless a standard IRA exception applies – qualified higher education expenses, up to $10,000 for a first-time home purchase, certain medical costs, and a handful of disaster-relief and emergency exceptions.
Worked example: growing the free money
Assume a constant, purely hypothetical 7% annual return, no fees, and no withdrawals for 18 years. Real returns will vary and can be negative in any given year – this is illustration, not a projection.
| Contribution stream | Total contributed over 18 years | Hypothetical value at age 18 |
|---|---|---|
| Family contributions ($5,000/year, maxed out) | $90,000 | ~$170,000 |
| Government seed deposit ($1,000, one time) | $1,000 | ~$3,400 |
| Combined total | $91,000 | ~$173,000 |
Worked example: what a non-qualified withdrawal actually costs
Maria’s Trump Account holds $15,000 the year she turns 18: $9,000 from family after-tax contributions, $1,000 from the government seed deposit, and $5,000 of investment growth. At 19, she withdraws the full $15,000 to buy a used car – not a use that qualifies for a penalty exception. Assume she is in the 12% federal bracket.
| Line item | Amount |
|---|---|
| Tax-free portion (family contributions/basis) | $9,000 |
| Taxable portion (seed + growth) | $6,000 |
| Ordinary income tax on taxable portion (12%) | $720 |
| 10% early-withdrawal penalty on taxable portion | $600 |
| Net cash in Maria’s pocket | $13,680 of $15,000 |
9. The Roth Conversion Strategy: Turning Deferred Tax Into Tax-Free Forever
Section 8 covers the account’s biggest weakness: money mostly comes out taxed as ordinary income, not the lower capital gains rate you’d expect from a stock-index investment. There is a fix, and it is confirmed directly by the Congressional Research Service: a Trump Account cannot itself be a Roth IRA, but once the beneficiary turns 18 and it converts to a traditional IRA, that traditional IRA can be converted into a Roth IRA like any other.
Why this matters: A Roth conversion is a taxable event – the taxable portion of the balance (everything except family-contribution basis) is added to the child’s income in the year of the conversion. But a Roth conversion does not require earned income, unlike a Roth contribution, so an 18-year-old with no job can still convert. Pay a modest tax bill once, while the child is likely in the lowest tax bracket of their life, and every dollar of growth from that point forward is never taxed again – not at withdrawal, not along the way, and not by the IRS at all as long as the eventual withdrawal is qualified.
The standard deduction is the lever
The 2026 standard deduction for a single filer is $16,100. If the child has little or no other income in the conversion year, they can convert up to roughly that amount of taxable IRA balance with $0 federal income tax owed on the conversion, because the standard deduction offsets it.
That is a real, IRS-confirmed mechanic, not a loophole. It is also why timing and sizing the conversion matters more than doing it all at once.
The catch: the kiddie tax
This is, in the words of one AICPA planner, “the largest technical risk” in the whole strategy, and it is exactly the kind of detail that gets skipped in headline coverage of this trick.
The kiddie tax rules (IRC Section 1(g)) generally apply to a child’s unearned income while they are under 19, or under 24 if a full-time student who doesn’t cover more than half their own support. A Roth conversion generates unearned income. Once that unearned income exceeds a threshold (roughly $2,700 for 2026), the excess can be taxed at the parent’s top marginal rate – as high as 37% federally – instead of shielded by the child’s own standard deduction. Converting the full standard-deduction amount in one shot while the child is still subject to the kiddie tax can therefore trigger a much bigger bill than expected.
The practical answer most planners land on: either wait to execute the bulk of the conversion until the kiddie tax no longer applies (once the child is not a dependent-student, or has aged out), or keep each year’s conversion under the kiddie tax threshold and spread a larger balance across several years – a “conversion ladder” rather than a single event. A large account will usually need more than one year’s standard deduction to convert in full anyway, since the taxable slice of a well-funded account can easily run into six figures by age 18.
Worked example: converting the account from Section 8
Recall the hypothetical account from Section 8: $173,000 total at age 18, made up of $90,000 of family-contribution basis (already tax-free) and roughly $83,000 of taxable seed money and growth.
| Step | Detail |
|---|---|
| Taxable amount to convert | ~$83,000 (total balance minus family-contribution basis) |
| 2026 standard deduction (single) | $16,100 |
| Years needed to convert it all within the standard deduction, assuming no other income | Roughly 5-6 years |
| Best timing | Once the child is no longer subject to the kiddie tax (not a dependent-student, or aged out), or each year’s slice kept under the kiddie tax threshold if converting earlier |
How the money grows tax-free every year after that
Once fully converted, the balance sits in a Roth IRA. From that point forward, none of the growth is ever taxed again, and none of it will be at withdrawal either, as long as the withdrawal is qualified (generally: the account is at least 5 years old and the owner is 59 1/2 or older, or another exception applies). Here is that same $173,000 balance, left untouched and compounding at a purely hypothetical, constant 7% annual return, from age 18 to a traditional retirement age:
| Age | Years of growth since 18 | Hypothetical Roth IRA balance |
|---|---|---|
| 18 | 0 | $173,000 |
| 25 | 7 | ~$278,500 |
| 35 | 17 | ~$547,700 |
| 45 | 27 | ~$1,077,600 |
| 55 | 37 | ~$2,119,700 |
| 65 | 47 | ~$4,170,000 |
Every dollar in that $4.17 million hypothetical balance at 65 comes out completely tax-free. Compare that to leaving the same balance inside the traditional-IRA shell instead: the same growth would occur, but nearly all of it – the original seed money plus every year of compounding – would be taxed as ordinary income as it’s withdrawn in retirement, at whatever the child’s tax bracket happens to be decades from now. The conversion doesn’t change how much the account grows; it changes who never gets a piece of it again.
None of this is guaranteed. 7% annual growth is illustrative, not a projection – actual market returns vary year to year and can be negative. This example also assumes no further withdrawals, no fees, and successful execution of the conversion within the kiddie tax and standard deduction constraints described above, which takes actual planning, not a single form filed on a birthday.
10. How to Open a Trump Account
- File IRS Form 4547. This is the election that establishes the account. File it on paper, through the online portal at TrumpAccounts.gov, or attach it to a 2025 federal income tax return.
- Confirm priority order. Only one adult can file for a given child – legal guardian first, then parent, then adult sibling, then grandparent, in that order.
- Activate the account. After the election is processed, Treasury sends activation instructions. This can be completed through the “Trump Accounts” app (iOS/Android) or the web version at trumpaccount.com.
- Contribute. Once active, contributions from family, employers, and other eligible parties can flow in, subject to the $5,000 combined annual cap.
- Monitor and, eventually, roll over. Accounts start out held at Treasury’s initial platform (BNY/Robinhood) but can later be rolled over to a different IRS-approved trustee – generally a bank or an IRS-approved nonbank trustee – once that infrastructure is available.
11. For Business Owners: Employer Contributions and the TACP
This is the section worth the closest read if you run a business, because it is where real planning opportunity – and real regulatory uncertainty – both live.
Employers can contribute up to $2,500 per employee per year (a sub-limit inside the overall $5,000 cap) to the Trump Account of an employee’s dependent, tax-free to the employee, under new IRC Section 128. To do it, the employer needs a written Trump Account Contribution Program (TACP).
Nondiscrimination rules a TACP must satisfy
| Test | What it requires |
|---|---|
| Eligibility test | The program cannot be structured so eligibility favors highly compensated employees (HCEs) |
| Benefits/utilization test | The average benefit provided to non-HCEs must be at least 55% of the average benefit provided to HCEs |
| Notice requirement | Employees must receive reasonable notice that the program exists and how it works |
| Annual statement | Written statement of the prior year’s employer contributions, due to each employee by January 31 |
| W-2 reporting | Contributions reported on Form W-2 using a new code |
“Highly compensated employee” for 2026 generally means anyone who earned more than $160,000 in the prior year, plus officers and owners of more than 5% of the business.
The open question every solo/small-business owner should watch: The dependent care assistance program rules that Section 128 borrows from also include a “5% owner concentration test,” capping the benefits owners can direct to themselves at 25% of the total program. Whether that specific cap carries over to Trump Account employer programs is genuinely disputed. Some technical analysis argues Section 128 cross-references the dependent-care rules that matter for nondiscrimination but skips the specific paragraph containing the owner cap – which would be a meaningful opening for S-corp owners to fund their own kids’ accounts pretax through the business, even as a one-person shop. Other summaries list the owner cap as one of the core requirements. The IRS has not resolved this discrepancy as of mid-2026. Do not build a client’s plan around the aggressive reading until formal regulations settle it.
A few more mechanics worth knowing:
- The $2,500 cap is per employee, not per child. An employee with three eligible kids does not get $2,500 times three – it is $2,500 total, allocated however the employer’s plan allows.
- Pretax salary reduction is available, but only for dependents. Under a Section 125 cafeteria plan, an employee can redirect their own pretax salary into a dependent’s Trump Account. Employees cannot make salary-reduction contributions to their own Trump Account.
- TACPs are generally not ERISA plans, according to DOL guidance, as long as the employer stays neutral – it does not select investments or administer the arrangement like a retirement plan.
- No model plan document exists yet. As of mid-2026, employers adopting a TACP are largely working from the statute and early guidance, not a finished IRS template.
12. Trump Account vs. 529 vs. Custodial Roth IRA vs. UTMA/UGMA
| Feature | Trump Account | 529 Plan | Custodial Roth IRA | UTMA/UGMA |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Earned income required? | No | No | Yes | No |
| 2026 annual contribution cap | $5,000 (family + employer combined) | No federal cap; state lifetime caps, often $300,000+ | $7,500 (standard IRA limit, capped at earned income) | No federal cap; gift tax rules apply above $19,000/giver |
| Free government/charity money | $1,000 seed (2025-2028 births); possible $250 charitable grant | State-specific grant programs in some states | None | None |
| Growth taxed how | Tax-deferred | Tax-free for qualified education | Tax-free | Taxable annually (kiddie tax) |
| Qualified withdrawal taxed how | Ordinary income (except return of family basis) | Tax-free federally for qualified education | Tax-free | N/A – already taxed yearly |
| Investment menu | 1 lane: diversified U.S. stock index fund, capped fees | Broad, state-plan menu | Broad brokerage menu | Broad brokerage menu |
| Access before 18 | No | Yes (tax/penalty applies to non-qualified use) | Contributions only, penalty-free anytime | Yes, at custodian’s discretion, for the child’s benefit |
| Who controls it at majority | The child, as a traditional IRA | Whoever owns the account (usually stays with the parent) | The child | The child, fully, at the state’s age of termination (18-25) |
| Best used for | An early retirement head start for kids with no earned income | Education costs specifically | Working teens building tax-free retirement savings | Flexible gifting with no restrictions on use |
The short version: a 529 plan still wins decisively for education savings. A custodial Roth IRA still wins for a working teenager’s long-term, fully tax-free growth. A Trump Account’s real edge is that it is the only one of the four that requires nothing from the child – no job, no income, no state-specific plan selection – and it comes with free federal money attached for the 2025-2028 birth cohort.
13. The FAFSA Question Nobody Has a Final Answer On
This deserves its own section because the two most-cited expert opinions currently disagree, and the Department of Education has not issued account-specific guidance.
View 1 – it will hurt aid eligibility. Some financial aid experts argue a Trump Account will be reported as a student-owned asset on the FAFSA, assessed at up to 20% of its value (versus a maximum of 5.64% for parent-owned assets like a 529). On that view, a $10,000 balance could reduce need-based aid by roughly $2,000.
View 2 – it won’t, while it’s still a minor’s account. Other financial aid consultants point out that IRAs and other retirement accounts are never reported as assets on the FAFSA, and a Trump Account is, by statute, an IRA. On that view, the real exposure only shows up later: once the account converts to the child’s own IRA at 18 and money is withdrawn, that withdrawal counts as student income in the FAFSA formula.
Until the Department of Education issues account-specific rules, treat this as a genuine open question in any college-funding conversation, not a settled fact in either direction.
14. Who Actually Benefits Most
| Family situation | Trump Account fit |
|---|---|
| Grandparents doing estate/gift planning | Strong fit. Contributions use the annual gift exclusion ($19,000/recipient in 2026), move assets out of the grandparent’s estate, and get decades of tax-deferred compounding started early – especially when paired with the Roth conversion strategy in Section 9. |
| Small business owner (S-corp/LLC) with few or no employees | Potentially strong, pending regulatory clarity. A compliant TACP could let pretax dollars fund the owner’s own kids’ accounts – but the owner-concentration question above needs to be resolved first, and nondiscrimination testing adds administrative overhead the moment there are other employees. |
| Family whose top priority is college | Weak fit as a primary vehicle. A 529 plan beats it on tax treatment, contribution room, and FAFSA treatment. Use a Trump Account as a supplement, not a replacement. |
| Family with a child who has no earned income | Strong fit among tax-advantaged options, since it is the only one of the four in Section 12 that does not require earned income. |
| Lower/middle-income family, contribution budget is tight | Take the free $1,000 (and the $250 charitable grant, if eligible) with no further action required. Prioritize emergency savings and any high-interest debt before adding family contributions. |
| High-income family already maxing out other tax-advantaged accounts | Reasonable, low-priority addition – worth the $5,000/year if 529s, HSAs, and retirement accounts are already fully funded, less compelling before that. |
15. Pitfalls and Nuances Worth Flagging
- It is not tax-free money – it is tax-deferred, and mostly ordinary-income-taxed later. The double-tax critique from several policy analysts is fair: family contributions go in after-tax, and nearly everything (seed money, employer money, and all growth) comes out taxed as ordinary income rather than at lower capital gains rates. Set expectations accordingly.
- The kiddie tax can wreck an otherwise clean Roth conversion. See Section 9 – converting more than the kiddie tax threshold while the child is still subject to those rules can push the tax on the excess to the parents’ marginal rate instead of the child’s.
- State conformity is inconsistent. Several states have not yet confirmed whether they will follow the federal exclusion for contributions and deferred growth. A withdrawal that is partly tax-free federally could still be fully taxed at the state level.
- No de-risking as the child nears 18. The single-index-fund requirement means there is no glide path into safer assets, unlike most 529 age-based portfolios.
- Only one funded account per child, ever. There is no splitting contributions across two different custodians while both are active.
- The gift tax paperwork is real, even when no gift tax is ultimately owed, once a giver’s contributions plus other gifts to that child exceed the annual exclusion.
16. Frequently Asked Questions
Is a Trump Account the same thing as a 529 plan?
No. A 529 is an education-specific savings plan with tax-free qualified withdrawals. A Trump Account is a retirement-style IRA for minors with tax-deferred growth and ordinary-income taxation at withdrawal. They can be used alongside each other.
My child was born in 2023. Can I still open one?
Yes – any child under 18 with a Social Security number can have an account opened. They just will not qualify for the $1,000 government seed deposit, which is limited to children born January 1, 2025 through December 31, 2028.
Do I have to do anything, or does my child get the $1,000 automatically?
You have to act. An eligible child does not receive the deposit until an authorized adult files Form 4547 and the account is activated. There is no automatic enrollment.
Can grandparents contribute?
Yes. Grandparent contributions count within the same $5,000 combined annual cap as everyone else’s contributions, and count as a gift to the child for gift tax purposes.
Can I pick my own investments?
No. During the growth period, funds must stay in a single diversified U.S. stock index fund or ETF with an expense ratio capped at 0.10%. There is no alternative menu.
What happens the day my child turns 18?
The account automatically converts into a standard traditional IRA. From that point forward, ordinary IRA rules apply – including the 10% early-withdrawal penalty before age 59 1/2, subject to the usual exceptions.
Can my business fund my own kids’ accounts pretax?
Possibly, through a written Trump Account Contribution Program under Section 128 – but nondiscrimination testing applies, and a key question (whether the 5% owner-concentration cap applies) is unresolved as of mid-2026. Get current guidance before relying on this.
Will this hurt my child’s financial aid eligibility?
Unresolved. One school of thought says it will be assessed as a student asset on the FAFSA; another says it stays off the asset test entirely while it remains a retirement account, with the real exposure showing up later as income when money is withdrawn. The Department of Education has not issued account-specific guidance yet.
Is the growth taxed at capital gains rates since it’s invested in stocks?
No. Despite the underlying stock-index investment, IRS Notice 2025-68 treats all growth (and the seed/employer/charitable money) as ordinary income at withdrawal, not capital gains. Treat any capital-gains-rate framing you see elsewhere as unconfirmed until the IRS finalizes regulations.
Can the account really be converted to a Roth IRA for free?
It can be converted starting the year the child turns 18, and the tax on the conversion can be zero or close to it if the taxable amount stays within the child’s standard deduction and the child is no longer subject to the kiddie tax. “Free” depends entirely on hitting both conditions – see Section 9 for the mechanics and the kiddie tax catch.
17. Bottom Line
A Trump Account is genuinely useful free money and an easy early head start for kids who have no other tax-advantaged account available to them. It is not a 529 replacement, not obviously a Roth IRA replacement for working teens, and it comes with real tax and planning nuance – ordinary-income treatment at withdrawal, an unresolved employer-owner question, and an open FAFSA debate. Its best-kept-secret upside is the age-18 Roth conversion window covered in Section 9, which can turn decades of ordinary-income-taxed growth into decades of tax-free growth instead. Treat it as one more tool in the family and business planning toolbox, not the whole toolbox.
This article is educational and general in nature, not individualized tax or financial advice. Trump Account regulations are still being finalized by the IRS and Treasury as of mid-2026, several details (including nondiscrimination testing methodology and FAFSA treatment) remain open questions, and state tax conformity varies. Confirm current rules and how they apply to your specific situation before acting.
Sources: IRS Notice 2025-68 and IRS Newsroom (irs.gov); U.S. Department of the Treasury press releases (home.treasury.gov); Congressional Research Service, Trump Accounts: Overview and Policy Considerations (congress.gov); Rev. Proc. 2026-25; DOL Technical Release 2026-02; IRC Section 1(g) (kiddie tax) and IRS Notice 2025-67 (2026 inflation-adjusted figures).